Approximate Conversions of Common Units of Wood Measure

Wood can be measured in a number of ways, which means that foresters, loggers, and timber owners can find themselves needing to convert some of these measurements. In order to understand those conversions, you first need to know some of the common terminology: A standard cord is a four-foot by four-foot by eight-foot stack of wood.A board foot is a wood plank that measures one-inch by 12-inches by one-inch.MBF means thousand board feet.A log rule is a tabular system used in determining the net volumetric yield of a log.One cubic foot is equivalent to a 12-foot by 12-foot by 12-foot solid cube of wood. Here is a list of the types of conversions commonly made in the wood industry. When it comes to executing these, online converters are helpful. Weight Conversions Thousand Board Feet of Pine Sawtimber to Pounds and Tons Poles at loading dock. Photo by Steve Nix, Licensed to About.com Approximate weight conversion for pine sawtimber from board measure to weight measure Cord of Pine Pulpwood to Pounds and Tons Pine Cord Wood. kayakaya/Flickr image Approximate weight conversion for pine pulpwood from cord measure to weight measure Cord or Hardwood Pulpwood to Pounds and Tons Hardwood Cord Wood. Horia Varlan/Flickr image Approximate weight conversion for hardwood pulpwood from cord measure to weight measure Thousand Board Feet of Hardwood Sawtimber to Pounds and Tons White Oak Logs. DepDep/Flickr Image Approximate weight conversion for hardwood sawtimber from board measure to weight measure Charcoal to Cords Lump Charcoal. epSos.de/Flickr image Approximate weight conversion for charcoal from weight measure to board measure Ratio of Pine Pulpwood to Pine Sawtimber Approximate weight conversion from pine pulpwood to pine sawtimber Ratio of Hardwood Pulpwood to Hardwood Sawtimber Approximate weight conversion from hardwood pulpwood to hardwood sawtimber Volume Conversions Thousand Board Feet to Cubic Feet Cypress Log. Steve Nix Approximate wood volume conversion from thousand board feet to cubic foot measure Board Feet to Cubic Foot Approximate volume conversions from board feet to cubic foot measure Standard Cord to Cubic Foot Approximate wood volume conversion from standard cords to cubic foot measure Solid Cord to Cubic Foot Approximate wood volume conversion from solid cords to cubic foot measure Cunit to Cubic Foot Approximate wood volume conversion from cunit to cubic foot measure Scribner Log Rule to Doyle Log Rule Approximate wood volume conversion from Scribner log rule to Doyle log rule Doyle Log Rule to Scribner Log Rule Approximate wood volume conversion from Doyle log rule to Scribner log rule Scribner Log Rule to International Log Rule Approximate wood volume conversion from Scribner log rule to International log rule International Log Rule to Scribner Log Rule Approximate wood volume conversion from International log rule to Scribner log rule International Log Rule to Doyle Log Rule Approximate wood volume conversion from International log rule to Doyle log rule Doyle Log Rule to International Approximate wood volume conversion from Doyle log rule to International log rule One Thousand Board Feet Pine to Cord Approximate volume conversion for pine from board measure to cord measure One Thousand Board Feet Hardwood to Cord Stacked Lumber. Texas AM Approximate volume conversion for hardwood from board measure to cord measure Piece conversion Posts to Board Feet Approximate piece conversion for posts to board foot measure Railroad Ties to Board Feet Approximate piece conversion for railroad ties to board foot measure Handles to Board Feet Approximate piece conversion for handles to board foot measure Barrel Staves to Board Feet Approximate piece conversion for barrel staves to board foot measure

School Violence Essay - 1473 Words

Parents send their kids off to school everyday hoping that their children will make it home. The school system today is not what it was like fifty years ago, teachers would disaplin students for talking too much or chewing gum, but today teachers have to wonder if they are going to get shot for giving a kid a bad grade. Now that might be a little exaerated but the safety of everyone in a school is not as comforting as it once was. The trend of school violence began a few years ago and then rapidly increased in almost in a copycat pattern. Kids that were made fun of or were loners, saw others like them acting out in redemption for the bullying that they had endured. That began the violent out burst of school violence and shootings. Teenage†¦show more content†¦With out a doubt these are figures that would scare any student, teacher, parent, or principal, which led to this quote; â€Å"No matter where you are, parents want their students to be safe and secure†¦ that might even precede a quality education†¦ With drugs, gangs, and guns on the rise in many communities the threat of violence weighs heavily on most principals minds these days†¦Anyone who thinks they are not vulnerable is really naà ¯ve.quot; (Durso,1997). The truth is a lot of things that need to be done to make schools safer, many schools have already began precautions. School Security is one of the most important aspects of prevention. The most common school security measure is the monitoring of students when they move through the hallways and in places where they congregate, such as restrooms and the cafeteria. School staff members have been served as monitors, but increasingly schools are hiring security guards to patrol the building and to provide security at events. Some even have police officers inside and outside of the building to ensure safety, I have since this at my old high school. Probation officers with on- site offices can provide help to students who have already engaged in illegal behavior. To keep students from bringing in weapons some schools use metal detectors and others administer manyShow MoreRelatedSchool Violence And Schools Violence2781 Words   |  12 PagesSchool violence has become a topic that many people are engaged in a debate about. It is difficult to make a definitive definition of school violence, because there are so very many components to it. For one thing, we can be sure that school violence and bullying is something that only takes place amongst peers; this type of violence typically does not involve adults, and happens as a result of interactions from school or within the peer group. This part of the definition seems obvious. However,Read MoreSchool Violence2444 Words   |  10 PagesSchool Violence Victoria Griffin Fayetteville State University The Importance to Be Aware Of School Violence in Education Today By Victoria Griffin December 1, 2014 Abstract: The importance of knowing about school violence, the cause of school violence, forms of school violence and they ways teacher can prevent school violence was observed. A recent act of school violence is announced and the content of why it is important for teachers to be aware of school violence. School violenceRead MorePrevention of School Violence717 Words   |  3 Pages Violence is a major issue in educational institutes. Over the years, school violence has continued to increase at an alarming rate. â€Å"Every year, 3 million young people in the United States fall victim to crimes at school. Almost 2 million of these incidents involve violence† (â€Å"The Challenge of School Violence†). Violence in schools must be prevented. Teachers and parents play a significant role in a student’s life, and they need to take a full on approach on having a healthy relationship with eachRead MoreThe Problem Of School Violence886 Words   |  4 Pages The somewhat recent event of Sandy Hook has been a major focus of debate among any serious discussion about school violence in America. Yet, just since Columbine, there has been over 100 school shootings, not including stabbing, rape, or even fist fights (in which there was serious injury or death). Despite this unprecedented level of aggression among our nation’s youth, the nation, in its entirety, has not dedicated an appropriate amount of time and energy to coming up with a solution. The bulkRead MoreSchool Violence Essay1154 Words   |  5 PagesPreventing school violence has been an issue in our society for so long it has almost become commonplace. According to an article on www.infoplease.com, since the year 2000, there have been a recorded 64 shooting related incidents that involved publicly occupied areas. That is an occurrence of almost five per year. Of those 64, 94% of these incidents were school related shootings. The violence goes from elementary schools all the way up to college universities. The statistics are not pretty by anyRead MoreSchool Violence1125 Words   |  5 PagesFinding a Solution to School Violence Anita Lopez Kaplan University CM-220 School is a place where children should go to learn, educate themselves, make lifelong friends and most importantly they should feel safe. The violence in schools has increased over the years and many schools aren’t sure how to handle this growing problem in an appropriate manner. School violence may come in various forms and some of the most common forms of school violence include physical abuses, bullying, brawlRead MoreSchool Violence2187 Words   |  9 PagesSchool Violence Violence in schools has spread widely throughout the nation. School violence is a big problem we are facing now. This has caused many problems among students, families’ faculty of schools and residents of the community. School violence includes gang activity, locker thefts, bullying and intimidation, gun use, assault, and drugs. In my paper I will discuss the reasons why violence in schools exists, describeRead MoreThe Violence Of Public Schools871 Words   |  4 PagesIn recent times, several mass shootings have occurred in several places. Sadly, public schools in America have been venues for these mass shootings. How do we reduce these shootings? How do we ensure that the lives of our kids are safe? These are the questions parents all over America are asking. A lot of suggestions have been made to the government concerning the issue of mass shootings. Some say government have to ban the purchase of guns, others say there should be background checks, while othersRead M oreEssay on School Violence837 Words   |  4 Pagesclassmates and one teacher. School violence changes our youths morals. From bullying to peer pressure, youth are exposed to school violence everyday. What is school violence? School violence varies from accounts of â€Å"death, homicide, suicide, weapon related violence, in the US.† (c1) School violence can occur to and from school, while attending a school sponsored event, on a bus, or at an activity. Violence in school goes back to the 1800s’. The first publicly funded schools for delinquents was builtRead More Essay on Gender and School Violence1060 Words   |  5 Pagesmost recent acts of violence by children have prompted us as a nation to look at the causes and possible solutions to this crisis in our schools. In fact, according to Public Agenda, a national organization that conducts public opinion research on educational issues, school safety was identified as the most important issue affecting schools by those surveyed (Johnson Immerwahr, 1994/1995). Yet school violence does not exist in a vacuum. It is directly related to the violence in our society. And

Teaching Competency of English Language Teachers Free Essays

COMMUNICATION AS AN IMPORTANT SOFT SKILL IN LANGUAGE TEACHING Mrs. N. Mahalakshmi D. We will write a custom essay sample on Teaching Competency of English Language Teachers or any similar topic only for you Order Now T. Ed. , M. A. , M. Ed. , NET. , PGDACE. Research Scholar Department of Education Annamalai University ————————————————- prusothmaha@gmail. com Abstract ————————————————- English is being taught as a second language in our Indian schools. As it is our national language, much importance is given to this language in our education system. The language teachers are expected to be more competent to develop the basic skills of the language so as to develop the communicative competence of the learners. Now-a-days, soft skills are considered as another important aspect of the teachers for efficient teaching. Regarding the soft skills, communication skill is the most important one that is needed by the language teachers to optimize the learning experience of the students. This paper tries to reveal the need of Effective Communication Skill as one of the important soft skill for the language teachers. The concept of soft skills Soft skills can be said to incorporate all aspects of generic skills that include the cognitive elements associated with non-academic skills. Soft skills are identified to be the most critical skills in the current global education and the era of technology. The reorientation of education for sustainability also relates the importance of these soft skills. Soft skills in Education Vast research and expert opinions have been sought in the effort to determine the specific soft skills to be implemented and used in higher institutions of learning. Based on the research findings obtained, seven soft skills have been identified and chosen to be implemented in higher education as: * Communicative skills * Thinking skills and problem solving skills * Team work force Life-long learning and information management * Entrepreneur skill * Ethics, moral and professionalism and * Leadership skill The important soft skill needed for the language teacher Communication is as important aspect of language teaching. Effective communication skills are required for effective language teaching. Teachers of English are expected to have good comman d over the language and possess excellent communication skills. Communication skills include – using the target language effectively, the way of speaking, body language and facial expressions, pitch and tone of voice and interpersonal skills. It is possible that they have some presuppositions about communication and communication skills which are considered to be one major factor in becoming an effective teacher. According to Dettmer, Thurston, and Dyck (1996), West and Cannon (1988), and Carl Rogers (1962) communication is among the most important skills for educators to possess. The role of communication is emphasized also by Lunenburg Ornstein (1996, p. 176) as: â€Å"Communication is the lifeblood of the school; it is a process that links the individual, the group, and the organization†. A gap in meaning between the intended and the received message can cause problems in the outcome of even the best teaching decision. Poor listening skills, ambiguous use of verbal and nonverbal language, poor semantics, and differing values are all items that can distort a message. To become effective communicators, educators must be aware of these potential problems and consciously work to eliminate them from their classroom interactions. They must also become knowledgeable about the importance of language in the learning process which gives a vital role to language teachers. Body language of the teacher In the communication skill, the body language and the facial expression of the teacher is of much importance which arrests students’ participation. The ‘presence’ that a teacher has in the classroom is crucial in determining ‘how much’ learning takes place and ‘how well’ learning takes place. A tension free atmosphere is extremely important in language learning classroom. More than what behaviour reveals, it is the non-verbal behaviour that is of significance. Self respect, confident behaviour and tone and eye contact are some positive indicators. Some of the ways in which body language can improve the desired atmosphere within the class are: * Keeping eye contact with the student you are talking to, and with every student in the class; * Standing ‘tall’ and walking in with head held high, instead of shuffling in, head bowed; * Having a calm, relaxed face – smiling and laughing easily; * Using facial expressions that show you are listening and responding to what the student is saying; * Smiling and nodding when a student is saying something; Linguistic competence versus Communicative competence Language is a tool of communication. One can communicate ideas, thoughts, feelings, opinions, attitudes, information and even misinformation through language. Different people express the same idea in different words. Language is a tool serving four main functions. These important functions are important for effective communication in the language classroom. The important functions of the language are: * Social function * Informative function * Expressive function * Directive function Keeping in mind these four important functions of language, let’s examine if our students are effective communicators in English. Most of our graduates are good at writing beautiful and very literary answers to questions on Shakespeare, Wordsworth and other great writers. However, their literary competence isn’t enough for them to be able to communicate effectively and efficiently in everyday situations. The ability to communicate requires us to use language to perform interpersonal functions such as starting a conversation, joining and leaving a conversation, making the hearer feel comfortable, giving options, and so on. Mere linguistic competence isn’t sufficient. Of course, there’s no denying the value of linguistic mastery, which is the basis for communicative competence. Without words and grammar patterns, one can’t think of building communicative competence. However, rules of use are more essential than rules of grammar. Many graduates don’t know how to introduce themselves and how to introduce others; they don’t know how to ask for information politely, how to disagree tactfully, how to offer suggestions, etc. This is one very significant aspect that we need to pay attention to. Secondly, their English is bookish. They don’t know that choice of syntax and vocabulary depends on the topic, the occasion, and the relationship between the speaker and the listener. It’s important to know what to say, when, to whom and how. Thirdly, the students need to be told that the vocabulary and syntax of spoken English are different from vocabulary and grammar of written English. They seem to be unaware of the fact that the words and grammar of spoken English are simpler than those of written English. As a result, they don’t use contracted forms and question tags while conversing and their English sounds bookish. Developing the communication skills of the learners In language teaching developing the skill of listening, speaking, reading and writing  skills should be given importance. These language skills are the foundation of communication skills. A good communicator is a keen and interested listener. Even a good listener cannot be an effective speaker. In order to be a good speaker, one has to master the accent, the rhythm and the intonation of the English language. Also one has to mind the tone of voice and make an effective use of facial expressions, gestures, eye contact, and posture. An excellent communicator uses verbal and non-verbal language to achieve the best effect. In order to develop good communication skills of the students, the language teacher need to * develop the listening, speaking, reading and writing skills * to be able to use language to perform various functions * master the rhythm, accent and intonation of the language * understand the differences between spoken and written language * remember the difference between meanings and messages Conclusion To remedy this situation we need to connect literature teaching with life outside. In language teaching, the academic world and the real world should not stand apart as islands. From the standpoint of the learner, the great waste in the school comes from the learner’s inability to utilize the experiences he gets outside the school. To fill up this gap, the communication skill should be given importance in language teaching. Developing communication skills of the learners requires the efficiency of language teachers. So, the communication skill should be given primary importance both at the pre-service and in-service level of the language teaching. REFERENCE * Applbaum, L. et. al. , 1973, Fundamental Concepts in Human Communication, Confield Press, London * Brown, H. D. 1981, Principles of Language Learning Teaching, Prentice Hall, Enlewood Cligts. * Corner, J. et. al. , 1993, Communication Studies:An Introductory Reader, Edward Arnold, London. * Dickinsen L. and Carver D. J. 1980. Steps Towards Self-direction in Foreign Language Learning in Schools. ELT. Vol. 35:1-7. * Dickinsen L. 1987. Self-instruction in Language Learning. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. How to cite Teaching Competency of English Language Teachers, Essay examples

Implementation Enterprise Wireless Network -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Implementation Enterprise Wireless Network? Answer: Introduction Network design in various organizations have reported serious cases of security breaches that have been emanating from network designers, organizational network security personnel, employees of the operations, stakeholders and external entities. In regard to network security lapses, concern has been raised on the need to come up with strategies to tame unethical professional practices. To make network security field more professional, various ethical practices can be followed when designing and implementing enterprise network. Such practices would help to govern the nature of the network to be set up, control behavior of network security guys while on duty and define required operational standards either nationally or internationally. Ethical implications in design and implementation of secure network All professionals are guided by ethical practices that govern how activities should be done in an organization. Similarly, professionals in IT network design should governed by ethical practices that hold them responsible for any activity in their line of executing duties. Discharging duties and responsibilities with diligence and honest Security personnel should be able to perform all duties with due diligence and highest standards of honesty. All teams involved in network design are required to follow specific organizational modalities of operations while executing their duties with openness. In this regard, when network designers or organizational IT security team finds some of the proposals made by the organization unfit to be implemented in organizational operations, they should be free to raise their concern [11]. Such an instance helps to clear any doubt if necessary recommendations made by various security teams were not implemented due to organizational failure. While the security team makes their network proposals, they are to be guided by motives of securing organizational operational data. They should demonstrate why it is important, outline the actual price to be involved and how such measures would be of great importance to the organization [2]. All recommendations and other issues raised should be docu mented to make them valid and tangible when needed. Documentation would serve as proof of genuine recommendations made and were either implemented or rejected on some basis such unavailability of enough funds. Performing duties within the law and in a professional manner Network security personnel should run their activities as prescribed in the laws governing the field and specific organizational terms of agreement. It is recommended that, network designers propose up to date and secure network and monitor its implementation. While designing organizational network, network designers should confine their duties with international laws, specific state laws and organizational terms of agreements. As professionals, IT security personnel should demonstrate highest level of professionalism coupled with competence in service delivery [8]. Their execution of duties should prove to the client their ability to deliver accounting to the terms of agreement and clients need but within strict conformity of the law. When designing the network, IT network security team should not create loopholes that they will come back to compromise as it has been witnessed in many organizational cases of data breach. Promote acceptable network security standards and current best practices To implement up to date and strong network, some standards must be met. When designing and implementing network security, applicable rules should be followed in order to come up with secure network. In this case, network security team should not come up with a network design that does not meet required operational threshold because enterprise client has requested it. It is commonly known that, some clients would not be willing to provide required tools and resources to set up to date network. In contrast, when network and data breach happens, all complaints are directed to the network designers and implementation team [13]. To avoid unnecessary complaints, network security team should recommend network that is within international set standards. Where clients are not willing to provide required resources to help in setting up to date network, contract should be terminated [7]. Since organizations transact with other organization, failing to meet required network threshold standards e xposes other organizational networks to threats. Uphold data confidentiality and secrecy of information encountered while on duty Network security professionals interact with organizational sensitive data that should not be exposed to external entities. Since IT network personnel must interact with such information while setting up organizational network, they should be should be held responsible in case such information is lost. Due to fear of losing information to competitors, organizations and international bodies should come up with rules that restrict IT network security teams from exposing or using such information for personal gains [3]. When working for an organization, they are bound by the laws of the specific organization and international rules of information confidentiality and secrecy. IT network security team should be aware that any information exposed to them is to help them to execute their duties diligently and honest must prevail at all times while on duty. Secure Wireless network design Organizational activities have moved online due to the need to diversify its operations. With many organizations establishing braches worldwide, communication has become quite essential and this has necessitated the need for wireless network [15]. Important to note is that, as much as wireless network is important, it has security issues which should be considered when being set up in an organization. To address wireless security issues, various aspects should be considered ranging from design of the proposed network, devices to be used in the design, the nature of security to be implemented and number of network users in order to determine the bandwidth [10]. All these network security aspect should be set geared towards maintaining required network authentication, authorization, maintaining organizational data integrity and preventing organizational data from eavesdropping while being transmitted from various terminals to central servers. The network would be operating in regard to various stages that are set out for connection. First, every device within the organizational network would be required to connect to the wireless network through Radius server authentication and its protection be strengthen throughWPA2. Device connection to the wireless will be evaluated if it is being made from general staff or administration network subnet. Connection terminal from general staff subnet would not be able to view activities from administrative subnet [17]. This would be achieved through implementation of Radius server security to subnet the network. On the other hand, administration would be able to view activities from general staff but would have no privileges to change any data. Device connection procedure should follow the given steps Search for wireless network signal while within organization Once detected, device would get required certificate to make connections Enter login required credentials to make connections to the network Device gets connected and network system records authentication logs and encrypts them Data authorization Organizational data is quite sensitive and not all users should be allowed to access such information. A certain group of users with specific operations should be granted necessary but limited operations on the data. Since most of this data is accessed online through wireless network through dump terminals, network should be segmented in to various subnets according to data access needs [5]. To delete or alter any data from organizational system, employees should be granted privileges and prove authenticity of making such changes. To perform any change o data through wireless access, network system should approve the user through use of radius passwords before gaining access. Radius server defines extend of the network in the organization because some of the networks might extend beyond organizational boundaries and get used by third parties to harm organization or perform malicious activities. Similarly, once wireless boundaries are set, access credentials is the next important that must be considered. This is usually used to define the nature of authentication to be used. After log in credentials are approved, connecting devices would be assigned one-time encryption key. Additionally, Wireless Application Protocol (WPA2) should be implemented in the security purposes. It is regarded as the modern secure means of securing organizational network due to its improved encryption standards [1]. To access the network, user should be provided with very strong password that provides authorization to the network. Authentication Wireless network should not be set free for any user due to security concerns. Both new users and existing users should prove they are genuine users of the network any time they need to do use it. In case of new users of the organizational network, their connection terminals must be verified to be true user of the network [14]. To make sure network is secure, organizational wireless network should be protected with very strong passwords and new connection terminal must be authenticated by approved organizational network administrator. To be authenticated, network user must agree and sign terms of agreements that abides any organizational network user. Once authentication to the organizational network has been approved, access to the organizational data should be limited through assigned privileges [9]. To get this done in an efficient and secure manner, the following aspects can be implemented. First, use of radius server is quite appropriate measure as it provides security to the ne twork through several aspects. In this case, radius server provides security to organizational network through use of connection certificates to approve the device that connects to the network. Once connecting device is granted connection certificate, wireless access credentials are required to access the networks and radius server authentication process ends by writing off connection logs to the network [18]. Since organizational networks are protected with secure passwords, it is important for users to be granted essential privileges. Protection may be either logical or physical. In this case, WAP2 provides logical authentication where passwords are required in order to access organizational network and sensitive data. Network integrity Wireless network should meet all required operational standards. Network operation procedures helps in determining the quality of network to be provided and how its operations should be maintained in line with organizational policies of operation [4]. To make sure wireless network integrity is upheld, specific rules of operations should be set. Through of radius server, wireless network integrity clearly defines on how to access the subject network, required parameters and the nature of the parameter to access the network and security proofs of connecting to the network. Therefore, if prescribed parameters and procedures are provided in the right manner, wireless network integrity would be met and security of the network would be guaranteed. Additionally, WPA2 protection provides rules that are to be met by organization in order to access organizational wireless network [12]. The predefined rules are usually set by manufacturer and it the responsibility of the network designer to sel ect rules that specific organization should implement. Network eavesdropping prevention Network eavesdropping on wireless network takes place mainly when data is on transmission. To prevent data eavesdropping by unauthorized users while transit, several measures should be taken by network administrators [6]. Since almost every network user and third party user would try to compromise and access data on transit. Through use of radius server, security can be provided by implementing strong authentication and authorization measures provided to help in securing organizational wireless network. By using strong passwords and certificates provided during first time access to the network, internal user would not be able to listen to data while within organizational network. Similarly, in cases where organization shares wireless network with its neighboring branches, data transmission over the network should be secured with strong keys. This marketing accessed data unusable because hackers would not have decryption key [16]. Additionally, to prevent eavesdropping, WPA2 provides data encryption mechanisms that are not simple to bypass. Implementing secure organizational wireless network It is the desire of every organization to operate on a safe environment that is free of attacker. Having implemented wireless network in organizations, network security is of paramount and should be enforced through various measures. In this case, network security has been implemented through use of Radius server and Wireless Application protocol (WPA2) [15]. Wireless Application Protocol (WPA2) WPA2 is considered to be one of the modern secure networks in current technology world. Implementing it on the organizational operations, it would guarantee security of network. The following steps would be used in setting up wireless network through use of WPA2. Before setting up of the wireless, it would be recommended to create a database of network users The database can be set up in the same machine or a different one through use of MSQL or MariaDB. Choose and set up network encryption keys to be used in securing the network Create relevant client connections of who might be using the network Client connects to the network by providing required details as the network server saves for future use Once connected, network router would be set up to provide required business integrity rules Limit connection rules to enhance business integrity of the wireless network Before sending data, it should be encrypted to make sure it is free from interruption Radius server security implementation Create database to capture users of the network Grant operational certificates to users of the network Provide required permissions to relevant network users of the network Access the network for organizational business activities Record one time log and encrypt it with secure protection key Each tie user requires access to the network, should be prompted to enter login credentials to ascertain the authenticity of the user Conclusion When designing and implementing organizational network, security should be given highest priority. Designing and implementing network should be guided by ethical principles as well as adhere to international standards. Some of the principles that should guide international network designers are; execution of duties diligently and in an honest manner. Similarly, network designers should provide required network recommendations and be guided by principle of designing current and up to date network. Finally, network security teams should uphold confidentiality and secrecy of information as required by law. During design and implementation of secure wireless network, principles of integrity, authentication, authorization and prevention of data loss through eavesdropping should be met. As all network design principles are implemented, there actualization should put in to practices both Wireless Application protocols (WPA2) and Radius server. References Bicakci, K., Tavli, B. (2009). Denial-of-Service attacks and countermeasures in IEEE 802.11 wireless networks. Computer Standards Interfaces, 31(5), 931-941. Cardenas, A. A., Roosta, T., Sastry, S. (2009). Rethinking security management, threat models, and the design space in sensor networks: A case study in SCADA systems. Ad Hoc Networks, 7(8), 1434-1447. Chen, Z., Liu, A., Li, Z., Choi, Y. J., Sekiya, H., Li, J. (2017). Energy-efficient broadcasting scheme for smart industrial wireless sensor networks. Mobile Information Systems, 2017. Chilamkurti, N. (2013). Security, design, and architecture for broadband and wireless network technologies. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference. Das, S. K., Kant, K., Zhang, N. (2012). Handbook on securing cyber-physical critical infrastructure: Foundation and challenges. Waltham, MA: Morgan Kaufmann. Doherty, J. (2016). Wireless and mobile device security. Burlington, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Fadyushin, V., Popov, A. (2016). Building a pentesting lab for wireless networks: Build your own secure enterprise or home penetration testing lab to dig into the various hacking techniques. Geier, J. T., Geier, J. T. (2015). Designing and deploying 802.11 wireless networks: A practical guide to implementing 802.11n and 802.11ac wireless networks for enterprise-based applications. Holt, A., Huang, C.-Y. (2010). 802.11 wireless networks: Security and analysis. London: Springer. Hossain, E., Chow, G., Leung, V. C., McLeod, R. D., Mii?, J., Wong, V. W., Yang, O. (2010). Vehicular telematics over heterogeneous wireless networks: A survey. Computer Communications, 33(7), 775-793. Levy, J. (2008). SonicWALL secure wireless network: Integrated solutions guide. Burlington, Mass: Syngress. Li, S., Xu, L. D., Romdhani, I. (2017). Securing the internet of things. Lloret, J., Bosch, I., Sendra, S., Serrano, A. (2011). A wireless sensor network for vineyard monitoring that uses image processing. Sensors, 11(6), 6165-6196. Ramachandran, V., Buchanan, C. (2015). Kali Linux wireless penetration testing: Master wireless testing techniques to survey and attack wireless networks with Kali Linux. Raths, D. (2012). Are you ready for BYOD: Advice from the trenches on how to prepare your wireless network for the Bring-Your-Own-Device movement? THE Journal (Technological Horizons in Education), 39(4), 28. Usman, A., Shami, S. H. (2013). Evolution of communication technologies for smart grid applications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 19, 191-199. Ventrone, J., Hollis, A. (2016). From the Air Force to college: Transitioning from the service to higher education. Wrightson, T. (2012). Wireless network security: A beginner's guide. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Pepsi Corporation History and Major Problems Essay Example

Pepsi Corporation History and Major Problems Essay I. PEPSI CORPORATION HISTORY The Pepsi-Cola story began in a drugstore in New Bern, North Carolina, USA in 1896. Caleb Davis Bradham, a pharmacist, owned a drugstore named Bradham Drug Company in downtown New Bern. Like many of the drug stores at the time, Bradham’s store also housed a soda fountain. Here, Bradham offered his own soda concoctions which attracted most of the small-town folks. On August 28, 1898, Bradham invented a new recipe, blending kola nut extract, vanilla and â€Å"rare oils. This soda drink, initially known as Brad’s Drink, gathered so much popularity not only for its delicious and refreshing taste but people believed it helped them by aiding digestion and boosting their energy. Bradham likened the effect to digestion to the enzyme pepsin, even though it was not used as an ingredient. By combining the terms pepsin and cola, Bradham renamed his recipe Pepsi-Cola. Pepsi’s early growth was less significant than that of Cokes, and its real stre ngth as a competitor to Coke began after became CEO in 1950, a time when Pepsi was nearly bankrupt. Bradham was expected to liquidate the Pepsi-Cola Co. Instead, he made it his goal to beat Coke (, 2003). Pepsi spread to Canada in 1906, and the year after that, it was registered in Mexico. By 1908, Pepsi had upgraded their transportation delivery services from horse-drawn carts to automobiles. Pepsi seemed to be becoming successful in such a short time. But there is still a problem. By the time Pepsi Cola came out, Coke had already made its mark among the public and the newcomer Pepsi found it hard to find a consumer base. In the 1920’s, the company released the ad Drink Pepsi. It will satisfy you. However, despite industrious efforts, the Pepsi Company still fell into bankruptcy due to the fall of the sugar market. After seventeen years of success, Caleb Bradham lost Pepsi Cola. He had gambled on the fluctuations of sugar prices during W. W. I, believing that sugar prices would continue to rise but they fell instead leaving Caleb Bradham with an overpriced sugar inventory. Pepsi Cola went bankrupt in 1923. We will write a custom essay sample on Pepsi Corporation History and Major Problems specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pepsi Corporation History and Major Problems specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pepsi Corporation History and Major Problems specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It suffered several years of losses before it was sold to Loft Inc. , a giant candy company. Loft was what Pepsi was waiting for. The company began to regain its former success. 1936 saw the formation of Pepsi Limited of London, and in 1938, the Pepsi logo was trademarked in the Soviet Union. The company sold the drink in 12 oz. bottles and launched the advertising campaign of Twice as Much for a Nickel. In 1993, Pepsi-Cola found itself in a crisis situation when a man in Tacoma, Washington claimed he had found a syringe inside a can of Diet Pepsi. Soon after the story hit the news, claims surfaced all over the country. People claimed to find objects from bullets to crack cocaine vials. Pepsi-Cola knew that the foreign objects had been inserted by people outside the company who had tampered with the product. Pepsi-Cola decided to use a defensive strategy, claiming its innocence in the matter. Proving the company’s innocence would be pivotal in protecting further damage to Pepsi-Cola’s brand name. Pepsi employed a variety of strategies to deal with the problem. PepsiCos India operations were met with substantial resistance in 2003 and again in 2006, when an environmental organization in New Delhi made the claim that, based on its research, it believed that the levels of pesticides in PepsiCo (along with those from rival Coca-Cola Company), exceeded a set of proposed safety standards on soft drink ingredients that had been developed by the Bureau of Indian Standards. PepsiCos usage of water was the subject of controversy in India in the early and mid 2000s in part because of the companys alleged impact on water usage in a country where water shortages are a perennial issue. In this setting, PepsiCo was perceived by India-based environmental organizations as a company that diverted water to manufacture a discretionary product, making it a target for critics at the time. Pepsi-Cola came to the Philippines through John Clarkin, a native of Minnesota, USA, who came with the American forces at the close of World War II. On October 16, 1946, Clarkin acquired a franchise to bottle Pepsi in the Philippines. He consequently founded the Pepsi-Cola Bottling Company of the Philippine Islands Ltd. and became its president and general manager. As of January 2012, 22 of PepsiCos product lines generated retail sales of more than $1 billion each,and the companys products were distributed across more than 200 countries, resulting in annual net revenues of $43. 3 billion. Based on net revenue, PepsiCo is the second largest food beverage business in the world. Within North America, PepsiCo is ranked (by net revenue) as the largest food and beverage business. II. MAJOR PROBLEMS 1. COMPETITORS â€Å"Pepsi’s early growth was less significant than that of Cokes, and its real strength as a competitor to Coke began after someone became CEO in 1950, a time when Pepsi was nearly bankrupt. Bradham was expected to liquidate the Pepsi-Cola Co. Instead, he made it his goal to beat Coke (, 2003). Pepsi spread to Canada in 1906, and the year after that, it was registered in Mexico. By 1908, Pepsi had upgraded their transportation delivery services from horse-drawn carts to automobiles. Pepsi seemed to be becoming successful in such a short time. But there is still a problem. By the time Pepsi Cola came out, Coke had already made its mark among the public and the newcomer Pepsi found it hard to find a consumer base. 2. FINANCIAL PROBLEM/BANKRUPTCY â€Å"In the 1920’s, the company released the ad Drink Pepsi. It will satisfy you. However, despite industrious efforts, the Pepsi Company still fell into bankruptcy due to the fall of the sugar market. After seventeen years of success, Caleb Bradham lost Pepsi Cola. He had gambled on the fluctuations of sugar prices during W. W. I, believing that sugar prices would continue to rise but they fell instead leaving Caleb Bradh am with an overpriced sugar inventory. Pepsi Cola went bankrupt in 1923. 3. PUBLIC RELATIONS CRISIS â€Å"In 1993, Pepsi-Cola found itself in a crisis situation when a man in Tacoma, Washington claimed he had found a syringe inside a can of Diet Pepsi. Soon after the story hit the news, claims surfaced all over the country. People claimed to find objects from bullets to crack cocaine vials. Pepsi-Cola knew that the foreign objects had been inserted by people outside the company who had tampered with the product. Pepsi-Cola decided to use a defensive strategy, claiming its innocence in the matter. Proving the company’s innocence would be pivotal in protecting further damage to Pepsi-Cola’s brand name. Pepsi employed a variety of strategies to deal with the problem. † 4. SAFETY STANDARDS â€Å"PepsiCos India operations were met with substantial resistance in 2003 and again in 2006, when an environmental organization in New Delhi made the claim that, based on its research, it believed that the levels of pesticides in PepsiCo (along with those from rival Coca-Cola Company), exceeded a set of proposed safety standards on soft drink ingredients that had been developed by the Bureau of Indian Standards. 5. WATER USAGE â€Å"PepsiCos usage of water was the subject of controversy in India in the early and mid 2000s in part because of the companys alleged impact on water usage in a country where water shortages are a perennial issue. In this setting, PepsiCo was perceived by India-based environmental organizations as a company that diverted water to manufacture a discretionary product, making it a target for critics at the time. †

Do these cliché career tips actually work

Do these clichà © career tips actually work Does this sound familiar? You’re trying to figure out your future and you’re in the midst of some serious career planning, when all of a sudden you’re inundated on all sides by a hurricane of advice on what to do, what not to do, and how to move forward. The truth is, when it comes to career planning most people think they have all the right answers when they’re dishing out clichà ©d and uninformed advice to others, and if you’re the unwitting recipient of these tired tips from everyone in your life you’re likely feeling overwhelmed and unsure of where to turn.Don’t bother doing a blind search on the Internet for career tip guidance- you’ll only encounter the same sort of tired advice that contradicts itself and takes all sides and forms depending on where you look. So, with all of this â€Å"career noise† at every turn, how do you know what to believe and follow?You should always do what you love.This is a nice thought, and it would be an interesting world if everyone got to do exactly what they want to do or love. But the truth is, reality sometimes holds a different view of how our careers should play out. While it can be a good idea to pursue a dream, it can be foolhardy to pursue it forever- after all, a noble pursuit like following your dream won’t pay your bills. Besides, it’s possible to find happiness and fulfillment while pursuing a backup plan. Use logic and reality as your guide when deciding between pursuing your dream and choosing an acceptable alternative.Don’t leave your current job until you have a new one lined up.This job advice tidbit is as old as it gets- but does that necessarily mean it’s sound advice? This tip gets particularly murky if your job environment is especially toxic or unhealthy. Sure, it makes sense to have a steady paycheck and job history while job hunting and until something new comes along, but life is short and if you’re re ally in a difficult or miserable spot, then it may be worthwhile to see if you can survive if you left your job. Besides, it’s easier to job hunt when you have more time to focus on it. Once again, fully weigh your situation, along with the pros and cons, and decide wisely.Don’t leave a job before you’ve been there for at least a year.Everyone has heard this one before, but is it actually sound advice? Employers like to work with people who stick around since it’s so expensive to recruit and train them.†However, they also suggest that reality might not be so black and white: â€Å"While you want to avoid having  lots  of short stays in your job history, most people will understand if there was a particular situation that wasn’t great. If it’s your boss or the day-to-day nature of your work that’s  not what you expected, keep in mind that there are sometimes options to change positions without leaving the organization. Sta rt by looking for new responsibilities and discussing a  transfer to another team. If, after that, you’re still itching to get out, update your resume and re-start your job hunt.†If you change your field you’ll have to start at the bottom.Are you finding yourself in a position where you’re thinking of a complete career overhaul? If so, then you’ve undoubtedly encountered this advice, which came from the notion that you always have to â€Å"pay your dues† when starting out in an industry and work your way up from the bottom. But whoever originally came up with this one obviously never thought about the value of transferable work experience and skills. According to The Muse, â€Å"if you’ve already put time into your current career, you probably have more skills that transfer from field to field than you recognize. Not just that, but your years of work have also taught you how to network, which can play a role in getting off the groun d floor.† Bottom line: recognize your value and transferable skill set when considering what positions in other fields make sense for you, and don’t let this tired old clichà © deter you from pursuing a new career in a new field.There you have it- a fresh look on some old career tip clichà ©s. Use the information provided here to help declutter your brain when it gets too full of competing advice and you’ll be on your way to make smart career decisions in no time.

Sociology .. just paraphrase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sociology .. just paraphrase - Essay Example f)Master status. This refers to a particular status in society that automatically ranks above all others, placing the individual with these characteristics within the top element of his or her society. g)Status symbols. Status symbols are specific material clues that refer to an individual’s position in society such as a doctor with a stethoscope or an athlete with a basketball. h)Roles. Roles are specific patterns of behavior that are expected of people who fall within a specific social status position. K) Major institutions. A major institution is any institution as defined above that are significantly large and well organized such as a school system or the national government. n)Mechanical solidarity. This refers to a situation in which things happen essentially in the same way they have always happened bringing about social cohesion based on shared experience and knowledge skills. o)Organic solidarity. Organic solidarity suggests there is a sort of collective consciousness which exists due to society’s inescapable mutual interdependence which exists in proportion to that society’s complexity in its division of labor. The theory that Goffman presents suggests that the forces that shape who we become, who we are and how we will act in various situations is significantly affected by the people with whom we associate. According to this theory, each individual has a tendency to present ourselves as what we want others to think of us as if we are permanently on stage. In keeping with the metaphor, he suggests we spend a great deal of time rehearsing our performances in the backstage action using the life script we are given by our society prior to our ‘live’ performance. This performance, again like that seen on a stage, also requires the participation of other characters/cast/individuals if it is to be successfully presented to

Patient protection and affordable care act(H.R. 3590) Research Paper

Patient protection and affordable care act(H.R. 3590) - Research Paper Example In this paper, facts about the components of the new law will be discussed, with its corresponding advantages and disadvantages. H.R. 3590, also known as â€Å"The Patient Protection and Affordable Healthcare Act,† has been in the public spotlight for months before and after the president ordered its issuance. According to the Democratic Public Policy (n.d.), the current health care reform will â€Å"ensure that all Americans have access to quality, affordable health care,† and allows modification within the health care service to fit whatever individual medical needs. The role of the health insurance holders is also emphasized, making them more in-control of their insurance companies, rather than insurance companies controlling them. The Kaiser Family Foundation (2010) argued that the change in the health care system â€Å"focuses on the provision of to expand coverage, control health care costs, and improve health care delivery system.† Its implementation would rely to the overall population with health insurance coverage; therefore, there is a need to make health insurance mandatory for every citizen. If a citizen fails to have such insurance a penalty of $695 tax should be paid, but varies in accordance to his or her marital status. In line with the widened coverage for health insurance, the new policy provides a longer coverage for young adults under their parent’s premiums. The Los Alamos National Laboratory (n.d.) contends that the employees or unemployed young adults who lost their insurance coverage on their 23rd birthday will be allowed to re-enroll under their parent’s insurance, regardless if they are married or not. Furthermore, the previous policy of insurance companies of disqu alifying children who have pre existing medical condition is already illegal. A 1% budget for the Abortion policy will be provided, as long as the pregnancy is due to rape or incest, or the pregnancy itself causes danger

Final Reflective Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Final Reflective - Assignment Example Cascio (2006) defined human resource policies as the process of organizing the resource planning, performance management, employee relations and supporting administrative roles. This report will focus on identifying the process and importance of human resource policies within in the organizational framework. The researcher will also try to evaluate the effectiveness of these policies within the organizational context. The process of developing human resource policies depend on the specific needs of a firm and its employees. Most of the firm try to develop their human resource polices by relating them to their organizational objectives which provides an explicit direction to the workforce (Adeniji & Osibanjo, 2012). The influence of the policies can either be negative or positive based on the effectiveness of implementing them. For instance, Microsoft Corp.’s HR policy of stack ranking is criticized as one of the worst policies (Burstein, 2013). The policy was focused on ranking the employees based on their performance which took an ugly form and emerged in the form of organizational politics and decreasing productivity (Burstein, 2013). Focusing on the process of policy making, the basic aspects of policy framing and drafting will be referred in the report. The first step for policy making is to identify the need. This step involves all the HR personnel of the company. The line managers will collect the data on the progress, performance and productivity of the employees and forward it to the senior managers (Cascio, 2006). The senior managers analyze the data and identify the gaps in the work culture and work structure. Based on this, a basic framework for the policy is developed and further forwarded to the higher management of the company. This is where the policy framework is compared and aligned with the strategic decision making process (McKenzie & Wharf, 2010). The second step is to assess the scope of the

PKR-eIF2α Signaling Mediated Spatial Memory Impairment

PKR-eIF2ÃŽ ± Signaling Mediated Spatial Memory Impairment SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Activated PKR-eIF2ÃŽ ± signaling mediated spatial memory impairment, tau phosphorylation, AÃŽ ² pathology, oxidative stress, selectively synaptic protein loss in mice caused by low levels of Cu Mouse behavior analysis. Morris water maze test: MWM was performed as previously described (PMID:23402899) with minor modifications and the test was performed double blinded according to the standard operation protocol. The MWM consisted of a circular pool (120 cm diameter, wall depth 40 cm) in which all the mice were trained to escape from water by swimming to a hidden platform (2 cm beneath water surface) whose location only be identified by using the visual cures on the inner wall of the pool (Supplementary Fig. 3A). The water and the room temperature were kept at 23 ±1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™. The pool was divided into four quadrants by a computerized tracking software (Huaibei Zhenghua Biologic Apparatus Facilities Limited Company, Huaibei, Anhui, China). The platform was located half-way between the center and the wall in one quadrant and maintained at the same position during all the experiment. The navigation test consisted of 4 training trials per day and 5 consecutive training days. As can be seen in Table 1, mice were released with their heads facing the inner wall of the pool from the four quadrantal locations (N, E, SE, and NW) according the sequence as previous report (Supplementary Fig. 3B) (PMID:17406317), and not allowed to swim and search for the platform more than 60 s, after which they were guided to the platform and allowed to remain on it for 15 s. Each mouse was then returned to its cage for 30 min before its next trial. The latency to reach the hidden platform was recorded. One day or six days after the end of navigation test, mice received a probe test, in which the platform was removed. Mice were released from the NE location and allowed to a 120 s swim to find the previous location of the platform. The swimming path, the time spent in each quadrant, the distance traveled each quadrant, the probe time, the platform crossing number, the total distance traveled, and the average swimming speed was recorded by the computerized tracking software. Y-maze: In order to study the PKR role in exploratory behavior and spatial memory, we performed the Y-maze in the PKR+/+Tg+/- and PKR+/-Tg+/- mice as described previously (PMID: 8986335, 1393562). Response to novelty was tested in a Y-maze, adopting a two-trial procedure in this test. The apparatus was equipped with black materials with three identical arms each 50 cm long, 16 cm wide, and 32 cm high. Visual cues made from colored paper with different symbols and the floor of the maze was covered with soiled animal bedding (Beta wood chips). All the mice was performed with starvation treatment for 24h before Y-maze. In trial 1, one arm was blocked with black Plexiglas and referred to as the â€Å"novel† arm in Trial 2. The remaining two arms were designated as the ‘start’ arm and â€Å"other† arm respectively. Three arms were randomized between mice (but not for the same mouse) to reduce arm bias effects. At the start of testing, a mouse was placed in the start arm and was allowed to explore the start and other arms for 10 min (acquisition trial). At the end of Trial 1, the mouse was returned to its home cage and the bedding inside the maze was mixed to reduce the possibility of using odors as a cue. After an intertrial interval (ITI) of 1 h, the mouse was placed in the same start arm as in Trial 1. The previously blocked arm was opened in Trial 2 and the mouse was allowed to investigate all three arms for 5 min (recall trial). The dependent variables measured in Trial 2 were: (1) the amount of time spent in each arm for each minute; (2) the number of entries made into each arm for each minute (Entry). Those indexs reflect inquisitive behavior (i.e. response to novelty) and spatial recognition memory of the previously unvisited arm. Step-down test: This test was used to measure inhibitory avoidance and short-term memory, according to the previously described method (PMID: 24678498). The apparatus comprised a plastic chamber (12x12x18cm) with an elevated rubber platform (4.84.84.5cm) placed on the left side wall. The floor was made of caliber stainless steel bars (0.1cm in length) placed in parallel, 0.5cm apart. On the first training day, mice were exposed to a 5-min learning course, if the animals stepped down from the platform, they were exposed to an electric foot shock (36V, AC). After 24h, latency was reassessed and recorded as the learning grade (latency), which was taken as a measure of memory retention. Each acquisition trial was performed 5min in the PKR+/+Tg+/- and PKR+/-Tg+/- mice. Supplementary Table 1. Primary antibodies used for protein immunodetection in western blot analysis (WB), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF). Antigen Supplier Application PAGE (%) Species origin Incubation conditions Ab dilution 8-OhdG US Biological, H9076-02 IF N/A Goat 10% NGS, 12h, 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ 1:200 acetylated-ÃŽ ±-Tubulin Santa Cruz, sc- 23950 WB 10 Mouse 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ 1:5000 APP Cell signaling, #2452 WB 10 Rabbit 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ 1:1000 AT8 Thermo, MN1020B WB 10 Rabbit 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ 1:1000 ATF-4 Abcam, ab50546 WB 10 Mouse 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ 1:1000 ATF-4 Abcam, ab50546 IF N/A Mouse 10% NGS, 12h, 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ 1:100 AÃŽ ²42 Abcam, ab10148 IHC N/A Rabbit 10% NGS, 12h, 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ 1:100 BACE-1 Abcam, ab2077 WB 10 Rabbit 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ 1:1000 CCS Abcam, ab16962 WB 10 Mouse 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ 1:100 CHOP Cell signaling, #2895 WB 10 Mouse 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ 1:1000 CREB Cell signaling, #9197 WB 10 Rabbit 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ 1:1000 complexin-1/2 Santa Cruz, sc-33603 WB 10 Rabbit 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ 1:1000 Cp Abcam, ab48614 WB 10 Rabbit 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ 1:1000 Drebrin Cell signaling, #12243 WB 10 Rabbit 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ 1:1000 eIF2ÃŽ ± Cell signaling, #5324 WB 10 Rabbit 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ 1:1000 GSK-3ÃŽ ² Cell signaling, #9315 WB 10 Rabbit 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ 1:1000 JNK Cell signaling, ##9252 WB 10 Rabbit 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ 1:1000 Nitro-Tyrosine Cell signaling, #9691 WB 10 Rabbit 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ 1:1000 NR2A Molecular Probes, A-6473 WB 8 Rabbit 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ 1:500 NR2B Molecular Probes, A-6474 WB 8 Rabbit 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ 1:500 PKR (N-Term) GenWay Biotech, GWB-A4757E WB 10 Rabbit 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ 1:500 p-PKR (Thr 451) Invitrogen, 44668G WB 10 Rabbit 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ 1:500 p-eIF2ÃŽ ± (Ser51) Cell signaling, #3398 WB 10 Rabbit 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ 1:1000 p-GSK-3ÃŽ ² (Ser9) Cell signaling, #9336 WB 10 Rabbit 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ 1:1000 p-CREB (Ser133) Cell signaling, #9198 WB 10 Rabbit 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ 1:1000 p-JNK Cell signaling, #4671 WB 10 Rabbit 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ 1:1000 p-PP2A Epitomics, 1155-1 WB 10 Rabbit 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ 1:1000 PP2A C subunit Epitomics, 1512-1 WB 10 Rabbit 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ 1:1000 PS396 Invitrogen, 44752G WB 10 Rabbit 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ 1:1000 PS404 Invitrogen, 44-758G WB 10 Rabbit 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ 1:1000 PSD-93 Cell signaling, #9445 WB 10 Rabbit 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ 1:1000 PSD-95 Cell signaling, #2507 WB 10 Rabbit 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ 1:1000 PSD-95 Cell signaling, #2507 IF N/A Rabbit 10% NGS, 12h, 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ 1:100 synapsin 1 Invitrogen, 51-5200 WB 10 Rabbit 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ 1:1000 sAPPÃŽ ± Covance, SIG-39139 WB 10 Rabbit 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ 1:1000 sAPPÃŽ ² Covance, SIG-39138 WB 10 Rabbit 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ 1:1000 Tau-1 Chemicon, MAB3420 WB 10 Mouse 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ 1:1000 Tau-5 Abcam, ab80579 WB 10 Mouse 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ 1:500 ÃŽ ±-tubulin Santa Cruz, sc-58667 WB 8-10 Mouse 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, RT 1:1000 ÃŽ ²-actin Santa Cruz, sc-47778 WB 10 Mouse 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, RT 1:1000 N/A, not applicable; NGS, normal-goat serum; O/N, over-night; RT, room temperature. SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURES Supplementary Figure 1. Content of Cu in Serum and brain. (A-D) Total iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium content in the serum respectively; (E-H) Total iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium content in the hippocampus respectively; (I-L) Total iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium content in the cortex respectively; *P

Contrasting Yeats’ Second Coming and Shelleys Ozymandias Essay

Contrasting Yeats’ Second Coming and Shelley's Ozymandias      Ã‚   William Butler Yeats specialized in the early Modernists style of literature.   Coming just out of the Late Victorian age, Yeats used strong literary and historic elements in literary form to evoke his symbolic message in "The Second Coming."   Through the use of his theme of the "new Apocalypse," (lecture notes on Early 20th Century Modernism) he imagined the world was coming into a state of unsurity from the post-WWI Modernist experience.   The war left people in a state of chaos, and although the war was meant to bring people a sense of hope for no more wars in the future, it did far more damage then good, especially in people's minds.   The time in the Modernist era was reflected in the equally chaotic, and choppy word structure in Yeats' poem.   In "The Second Coming" conditions are illustrated as being chaotic, "Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold;/ Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world" (Yeats, Longman p. 2329: ll. 3-4), confused in a way.   Those wo rds he uses, "fall apart," "cannot hold," and "anarchy" are ...

Conversation Essay

Date Conversations We use interpersonal communication every day in our live. There are three types of communication model, linear, interactive, and transactional communication. Each type of communication model has their strength and weakness. Linear communication is simple and straightforward but it does not totally describe what you wanted to say because it is a one way communication and short. Interactive communication can captures a variety of communication forms but less active and not much of collaborative in both party to interpret meanings because it neglects the active role in senders and receivers.Transactional communication gives you time to collaborates and to captures what most people thinks, mostly face to face communication, and this model enable both party to constantly exchange nonverbal and verbal messages. Interpersonal communication is an important tool to learns and to builds up your communication skill because they are essential to an interpersonal relationship. It is difficult to build a relationship with someone if interpersonal communication skill is poor. Interpersonal communication helps us recognize concepts and awareness that influences our thoughts, emotion and behaviors in a relationship.I remembered of my first date with Talia, our conversation it was not as smooth or friendly. We were partner up by our instructor, not by our free will, and this created a barrier between at first; especially that we are both old types person that came from different culture, ethnic and have different ethics. They say first impression is very important when you approach someone because interpersonal communication is irreversible, so I was very cautious or self-aware when I interacted with Talia. Mostly we started out the conversation with a question, and then each of us takes turns to response to the question.Half way through the conversation, I noticed that we used fewer questions to start out a new conversation, and we go to straight to the subje cts. Our different ethnic’s background intertwined our ethics which influenced our behaviors during the conversation, but we had good eyes contact and body gestures. Knowing my partner’s background, and culture made the conversation more interesting and dynamic. We had our third conversation date was failed because we set the time up already but I was unable to pick up the phone at work.During the time Talia gave me a call suddenly the customer came to eat and I was busy at that time. Normally, at the time we set up my uncle restaurant was not busy but I do not why this time so busy. I missed the conversation appointment with Talia. I know this is my false. After I received her massage I tried to give her a call back but she did not pick up the phone either. And then I try text her message but the result I got from her was busy too. I know we all busy because we have many thing to take care.But any way we were failed on third conversation, I know that each person has t o responsibility with the first thing we have to deal with. Interpersonal communication skill is essential to interpersonal relationship. It helps us understand and recognizes concepts to build a better relationship, whether it’s for business, friendship, or romantic relationship. Understand interpersonal communication helps you prevent or dealing with dysfunctional relationship, and builds better social networks around you. I believed this skill also helps build your self-esteem, openness, maintaining relationship and a well-being life.

Civil War, the ulmination of four decades of intense sectional conflict of social and political difference between the North and the South

Civil War, the ulmination of four decades of intense sectional conflict of social and political difference between the North and the South The Civil War was the culmination of four decades of intense sectional conflictof social and political difference between the North and the South. Slavery played a big part in the cause of the civil war, north not believing in slavery and the south slavery was praised. Slaves was the largest single investment in the south, the labor in the south including nearly four million enslaved blacks. 'The Civil War stands not only as a steppingstone to the lighting war - blitzkrieg- of 1939 to 1945. Politically a civil war, militarily it was actually a conflict between two hostile nations- two peoples divided by an unbeatable difference of opinion on the right of secession.'The question whether slavery should be permitted enter the territories was an big issue in American politics. The slavery issue was first arisen in 1819 when Missouri applied for admission as a state that allowed slavery, there would be a problem.kansasThe slavery issue was never resolved for years, but criticism of slaver y hung around for years. The northern began to say that slavery should be abolished or faded out during a period of time.As the issue deepened , three proposals to solve the situation were advanced. Most southern contended that slaveholders had a constitutional right to take their property into recently acquired territory. The most confirmed antislavery northern held that congress had a constitutional power and a moral duty to exclude the institution from the new territory or from any other territory. They believed that if slavery was prevented from expanding , it would die by nature.Another answer to the question on the new territory was POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY , which meant that slaveholders should be allowed to decide whether or not if they want slavery in the state. The issue of slavery should...

Racism and Segregation

Racism and Segregation Introduction In the book, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, the author, Maya Angelou, describes how she grew up as an intelligent Afro-American girl in South America and later in California in 1940’s. She gives an account of the various characteristics of her society that made her to mature. Having worked with Martin Luther in combating racism before her book, she had to incorporate the theme of racism in her work. Thus racism and segregation is highly depicted as a theme in her book (Angelou 1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Racism and Segregation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Racism and Segregation In this book, Maya comes across many instances of blatant racism. She is forced to face racism and segregation in her country at a very young age. While living in Stamps, Arkansas, she experiences the region’s characteristic segregation to the extent that she believes that white people do not exist. At this tender age, she is made to believe that every good thing belongs to the whites. This is evidenced in many incidences. An example is that, as she fails to recite her poem in church, she notes that her dress is probably a handout from a white woman. She associates blond hair with beauty and believes that she is trapped in a â€Å"black ugly dream† (Angelou 7) with an unattractive African-American body. She also believes that she will soon wake from her nightmare and become as beautiful as the whites. The segregation that is characteristic of Stamps is evidenced by the statement that Mrs. Henderson owns a store in the black segment of Stamps (Angelou 1 11). As she grows older, Maya encounters racist incidences that are more open and personal. Some of these incidences include the demeaning address that is directed towards her by a white speaker during her eighth-grade graduation, she also faces racist problems while applying for a streetcar job but she overcomes the problem s to get the job. Her white boss is also depicted as a racist. He calls her Mary despite her disapproval. When she visits a white dentist, he declines to treat her. There is evidence that black people were prone to acts of violence perpetrated to them by their white counterparts. This is from the incidence in which Maya and Willie help a black man escaping a white lynch mob. The importance that the black attach to the world championship boxing match of Joe Louis shows how the black people thirst for recognition and also proves inequality in the community. Maya is also portrayed as a racist in some ways. For instance, she feels guilty of loving the works of William Shakespeare due to the mere fact that he was white (Angelou 11 23). In summary, the book has a notable thematic bias on racism.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion From the discussion above, it is clear that the community Maya is living in is faced with serious segregation and racism. Maya uses this community to describe how life was during her time. She creates events that depict how racism was deeply rooted in the American community in the 1940’s. As described, these events include her belief that black people are ugly, the derogatory address by a white speaker during her graduation, the refusal by a white dentist to treat her, etc (Angelou 10 24). Through these experiences, she learns how racism and segregation has affected her family members’ characters and strives to overcome the pressure mounted on her by these social problems. Angelou, Maya. I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. U.S. Bantam Books, 1983. Print.

Experimental Design for statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Experimental Design for statistics - Essay Example They will be required to be in the first month of the pregnancy so that they can be monitored from early stages in their pregnancy development. Fresh mothers will not be required to take part in this study but only mothers who have at least one other child. A sample of about 200 mothers will be selected for this study. The sample will be representative of all the population. Mothers will have their blood pressure measured to ascertain that they are healthy to take place in this study. The child’s brain development will be measured using the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) which measures the brain and behaviour development. This will be done as the child grows, probably up to 12 years. Further, the kids will have their IQ tested through simple tasks, their social behaviors and their computation skills. All this measurements will be recorded and put into a computer package for analysis. Based on the kind of fish his/her mother was consuming, the level of the IQ, their social behaviours and computing skills will be compared. The level of the MRI will say whether that certain kind of fish will have detrimental effects. Pregnant mothers are classified as vulnerable people thus; their protection from harm will be a priority. Further, their privacy will be protected to the highest level. Also, they will be taken through all the information concerning this study so as to make an informed decision about taking place in the study. No coercion will be used at

Computer-Based information system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Computer-Based information system - Essay Example The paper will also discuss the computer-based information system of AT&T were misused by employees. The cloud-based data store is one of the recent information systems that was developed by AT&T Telecommunication Company. An article that was published by computer world indicated that the system is designed to help enterprise-based developers in the usage of (IoT) Internet of Things apps, as well as services. The system is designed to allow collection and the analysis of data more comfortable from various remote devices that are interconnected to large businesses (Hamblen, 2015). AT&T Company has also developed Monitoring systems for organizations. Currently, organization performance has been the primary focus for most organizations. Managers have been struggling on how they can improve the performance of their organizations by increasing performance by increasing supervision with a slight budget line. Monitoring systems have played a significant role in improving performance of various organizations (Computerworld, 1983). Computer based information system of AT&T has significantly reduced the cost of operations to most organizations. For instance, the development of cloud data stores played a significant role in cutting down the cost of hiring employees for a considerable number of organizations (AT&T Tech, 2012). Initially, most computer-based information systems of AT&T were predestined to improve the performance of the organization by either cutting down the cost of resources or improving the quality of services. Conversely, most information based system has been misused by employees for their personal gain. For instance, monitoring systems are designed to either monitor the performance of employees by the supervisors. A great part of monitoring systems is a computerized collection, analysis, storage as well as reporting

Security and Loss Prevention Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Security and Loss Prevention - Assignment Example Second, the internal control program will discourage the fraud-minded employees and management staff from implementing their illegal acts. Third, the company’s usual fraud and error occurrences will be reduced or even eliminated. Fourth, investors will have more confidence in a company that has a comprehensive internal control program in place. Last, companies can prepare more realistic financial statements will be prepared to the different stakeholders of the company (Hillison, 1999). There are several specific benefits of implementing the comprehensive control program. First, implementing a control program that includes allowing only authorized persons to enter the accounting office will prevent unauthorized persons from manipulating the accounting data in order to present false financial reports. False reports include presenting fraudulently presenting a higher sales amount compared to the actual sales figure. Second, one can specifically advise the company to implement pas swords to access all computer database and other computer software programs. For example, the use of passwords will similarly prevent the marketing manager from increasing the sales figure in order to show management that the sale management’s monthly sales quota was achieved. ... The use of passwords will identify to the person who altered accounting entries such as inventory amounts and sales amounts. Third, one can specifically advise the company that internal control will ensure financial statement balances are more reliable. Internal control will indicate the inventory balance is presented in the financial statements are more reliable compared to inventory reports where control programs are absent. Internal control procedure includes comparing the physical count of the inventory as basis for correcting reported inventory amounts shown in the inventory records. Internal control of having another person check the recording of the receivables accounts by comparing the sales invoices with the amounts recorded in the financial reports will ensure the accounts receivable balances are efficiently and effectively recorded on time and in the proper accounting periods (Bierstaker, 2006). Fourth, one can specifically advise the company that control program procedure s will ensure compliance with applicable government laws and regulations. For example, installing an accounting program that will automatically compute the taxes for each accounting period will prevent the accounting personnel from erroneously or fraudulently preparing a fraudulent or erroneous report. The erroneous or fraudulent report will indicate the company must pay a lower amount of taxes when compared to the computer generated higher actual tax liability. The internal control procedure includes ensuring the computer software is constantly updated to reflect the updated tax laws rates on income tax and other related business taxes (Bierstaker, 2006). In terms of detective control procedures, there are several procedures that must be

Why Do Many People Choose to Illegally Download Music Essay Example for Free

Why Do Many People Choose to Illegally Download Music Essay Maybe it is all to do with the possibility at each one of us has purchased and album or a c.d. in the past with high expectations of it being all great, only to be completely let down and left un-impressed with your latest  £15 Investment which you and i both believe that is worth much less . Maybe then â€Å"steeling† that artists next album by downloading it for free from many different sources scattered across the internet is your way of letting them know of your frustration. If you dont like it , you have no loss i guess ! Should we be paying for music, still? The more I think about it, the more I question it all. But there is one thing I don’t question, as it is fact: when I get music and don’t pay for it, nobody but myself benefits. I am the only one coming out ahead. Ive paid nothing for what i have got. I’ve acquired something for nothing. Did I just steal? Is it stealing if I can justify to myself that it isn’t? Is stealing even wrong anymore? In this moderen day and age looking through the iPods of others i am fully aware that i am definatly not the only one that is not paying for the music that i have on my computer, does this mean that we are all criminals? But first, I’ll explain to you that I didn’t always purchase music. I’m sure you all remember The Pirate Bay. There were many other bit torrent sites avaiable at the time , however this is the one that has been brought to the publics attention over the past few years due to its founders being sent to court and charged millions in costs and left them facing a jail sentence. This site, as you all know, allowed people to download music for free. Well, as a teenager with little spare cash to actually buy albums, I just went ahead and downloaded and basically â€Å"stole† hundreds of songs for free. Aside from the personal benefits of purchasing music, I do it to support the artists that make it for me to enjoy. I’d like to think that if I poured my heart and soul into something, they’d return the favor by spending some money on it. It’s a sign of respect and gratitude. If I enjoy an artist’s music, why wouldn’t I purchase an album to support them so they can continue to make more music? Having said all this, I mentioned that I still download free music on occasion, and this is not something I’m ashamed of. The offering of â€Å"free music downloads† is a relatively new marketing technique first popularly attempted by Radio-head back in 2007 when they self-released their album In Rainbows online for a â€Å"pay what you want† price. Since then,  many musicians have adopted this marketing technique under the premise that if you allow people to pay a price of their choosing—even if it is zero dollars—more people will pay something for your album than if you have a higher, set price. There are many other examples and variations of this â€Å"free music† regime, including iTunes’ free Single of the Week, along with Starbucks offering a free iTunes download each week, as well. Several online artist friendly sites such as amazon.com have emerged, giving artists control over how much they wish to charge their listeners for their music, or if they want to charge them anything at all. This is all well and good, but it still begs the question of why we should pay for music, especially since some artists are willing to literally give it away? I read recently stated that musicians should no longer feel entitled to be compensated for their music. The argument to support this claim explained that nowadays, one can simply record a whole album on one’s computer avoiding the high costs of producers, recording studios, and mixing and mastering engineers. I think my point is clear: if we don’t invest in the arts by way of purchasing music, we will eventually extinguish the option of even listening to it. There’s only so long that musicians will be able to make quality music for the masses without being compensated or receiving funding for it. Thanks to the Apple’s revolutionary iTunes store, as well as sites like Amazon.com, this is no longer valid. All these sites allow you to purchase an artist’s single for between  £0.89  £1.00 per song. You no longer need to pay for a whole album to get those one, two, three songs you want and the ones that you like. This new format of purchasing music has also inspired bands to write and record better albums, as they can no longer rely on one radio single to sell their whole album when people can sample the thing on the internet and realize the rest of it isn’t any good. It’s a win for the artists and maybe even more-so for the fans. With all of the options these days for sampling and purchasing music that are both artist- and listener-friendly, it still surprises me how many people still aren’t willing to pay for music. I know that we all struggle with finances as students, and can understand that money is in short supply for many of us, so paying for something you can get for free doesn’t make a ton of sense; I just hope that if you are saving your money right now by not  paying for music, you’ll remember this and not hesitate to throw a abit of money in the way of the artist that have spent their own time, money and energy creating music for all of us to enjoy.

The Reactor Design Project Engineering Essay

The Reactor Design Project Engineering Essay The project objective was to optimize three different adiabatic ammonia reactor configurations with respect to reactor performance in order to produce 800 tonnes of ammonia per day, or the molar equivalent of 0.5447 kmol s-1 of ammonia. The optimizations in reactor performance involved primarily, minimizing the catalyst volume and secondarily, maximizing the catalyst lifespan, as well as ensuring the final operating conditions were stable. Due to the absence of a cost function, the reactor could NOT be optimized with respect to cost minimization. Three different reactor types were considered, namely a single plug-flow reactor, a dual interstage cooling reactor and a dual cold-shot cooling reactor. Temperature, pressure and fraction of ammonia in the feed stream were found to have the greatest effect on the resultant catalyst volume. Using MATLAB, it was found that the minimum volumes were 9.61 m3, 3.94 m3 and 4.78 m3 for a single stage plug-flow, an interstage cooling configuration and a cold shot cooling reactor configuration respectively. The interstage cooling reactor allowed for a 59% decrease in total catalyst volume when modified from the single stage design, but required an increase in inlet feed temperature of 115K and 2 additional heat exchangers. The cold shot cooling method allowed for a 50.2% decrease in reactor volume from the single stage design, requiring a 75K increase in feed temperature. 1. Introduction 1.1. Background Ammonia synthesis (also known as the Haber process) is one of the most widely applied chemical processes in the world; in 2009, the total worldwide production of ammonia exceeded 133,000 metric tonnes 1, this is second only to the worldwide production of sulphuric acid. Most of the ammonia produced is used in the manufacture of fertilisers (such as ammonium nitrate), ammonia is also used in the manufacture of nitrogen-based polymers such as nylon. Another noteworthy use of ammonia is as the starting reagent for the manufacture of nitrogen-based explosives such as nitroglycerin. The reaction which generates ammonia is exothermic and equilibrium limited: N2 + H2 is in equilibrium with NH3 ΆHR (298K, 1atm) = -46.11 kJmol-1 [Eqn. 1] In the early 20th century, Fritz Haber discovered that in order to obtain a significant yield of ammonia, the reaction required both high pressures and low temperatures (in accordance with the van t Hoff-Le Chatelier principle). It was known that the rate at which N2 decomposed in the reaction was very slow (N2 is thermodynamically more stable than NH3); therefore a very efficient catalyst was required in order to facilitate ammonia formation. Nowadays, the catalyst used in most industrial ammonia reactors is usually a porous form of enriched iron. Catalysts are expensive, but they present a good trade off; reactors are able to produce sufficient amounts of product at lower, more manageable temperatures and pressures. 1.2. Design objective The overall objective was to design a continuous fixed bed plug-flow process to meet the companys daily ammonia production demand of 800 tonnes per day (exclusive of any ammonia in the feed). The primary design objective was to try to minimize the catalyst volume the process required in order to meet the production requirement. The design also had to be considered safe to operate and had to operate at conditions that were considered to maximize the lifespan of the catalyst; these two were considered as secondary objectives. The preliminary design of the reactor considered a single-stage adiabatic bed with a bed cross-sectional area of 2.0 m2. The final designs involved two different two-stage systems; one implementing interstage cooling and the other implementing cold-shot cooling. Reactor performance and sensitivity were analysed by observing the effects of altering specific operating and design variables. The cost function for the process was not known, therefore it is important to note that the reactor could not be optimized with respect to cost, however the design could be implemented such that the reactor performance was greatly improved. For example, minimizing the required catalyst volume (and hence minimizing the reactor volume) will reduce the construction cost of the reactor. However this may come at the expense of greater operating and maintenance costs and, in the case of two-stage systems, may result in additional construction costs (interstage cooling requires heat exchanger(s) to be built). The investigation will only allow qualitative suggestions to be made as to which specific design aspects contribute to the generation and/or reduction of costs. 1.3 Safety The reactor operating conditions should be stable; such that small disturbances will not lead to thermal runaway (which has important implications for safety). Other than that, there are no large risks involved with operating the ammonia reactor, provided that good process control is implemented by the operator. 2. Kinetic theory and types of reactor configurations 2.1. The kinetics of ammonia synthesis and its implications on reactor design Ammonia synthesis involves a single exothermic, reversible reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen. For reversible reactions, the conversion corresponding to thermodynamic equilibrium at the chosen operating conditions cannot be surpassed. Since the reaction is exothermic, the activation energy (which is only temperature dependent) of the backwards reaction is greater than that of the forward reaction. Therefore an increase in temperature causes a rise in the rate of the reverse reaction which is greater than the rise in the rate of the forward reaction thus decreasing the maximum attainable conversion but decreasing the required catalyst volume. On the other hand, operating at a lower temperature increases the maximum attainable conversion, whilst reducing the total reaction rate and increasing the required catalyst volume. With regard to pressure, the effect is the opposite; increasing the pressure causes a greater rise in the rate of the forward reaction compared the backward react ion and vice versa. Designing a reactor producing ammonia therefore requires a compromise between keeping temperatures sufficiently high such that reaction rate remains significant whilst obtaining a respectable conversion of ammonia. Similarly, the pressure should be great enough so as to maintain a significant reaction rate, but not so high as to cause the reactor to deviate from safe operation. In order to minimize catalyst volume (and meet the primary objective), it is desirable to operate at the maximum forward rate of reaction at each cross-section across the reactor; thus maximizing the average forward rate across the reactor, this allows the desired extent to be met with the minimum catalyst surface area and hence with the minimum catalyst volume. In order for this to occur, each cross-section in the reactor must be operated at the unique pressure and temperature required to achieve maximum rate for a particular extent, i.e. the reactor moves along the locus of maximum reaction rates. This is unfeasible in this investigation since there is no temperature or pressure control implemented across the reactor (the reactor is adiabatic and WSHAFT=0); and even so, maintaining specific pressures and temperatures at each point along the reactor is practically unfeasible in itself; as each point in the reactor would require its own heat exchanger and pressure control system. Therefore for exothermic reversible reactions (without heat removal), the temperature increases along the length of the reactor and the rate vs extent profile will always have a characteristic maximum because the temperature along the reactor increases due to the heat released by the reaction, causing the net production rate to increase up to a certain extent before the reverse reaction starts to become significant. As the rate of the backwards reaction tends to increase further and temperature rises, the overall reaction rate will eventually reach zero at equilibrium. 2.2. Brief description of the Plug-Flow Reactor (PFR) A plug-flow reactor is characterized by fluid flowing through one end of the reactor and out the other, whilst satisfying the assumptions of plug-flow. The assumptions state: Fluid properties and flow rate remain constant across any cross-section of the reactor. The flow is orderly, with no element overtaking or mixing with fluid ahead or behind, (i.e. the residence time is the same for all fluid elements). The above assumptions tend to hold true where there is turbulent flow (Re >105), ensuring good radial mixing, and if the ratio of reactor length to diameter of the reactor is large (ratio à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 50), where lateral mixing may be neglected 2. Figure 1: An illustration of a plug-flow reactor 3 2.3. Brief description of Interstage Cooling Interstage cooling, also known as intercooling, is a multiple reactor design suitable for exothermic reversible reactions. Heat exchangers are used to cool the output of each reactor before being passed on to the next reactor, allowing for a greater possible conversion to be achieved in each successive reactor. This process can be replicated for an indefinite number of reactors until the reactor temperature is too low for reactions to occur or until the decrease in catalyst volume is not worth the additional cost of construction and complexity of operation. This project considers only the case where two reactors are used. Figure 2: An illustration of a dual reactor interstage cooling system4 2.4. Brief description of Cold-shot Cooling Cold-shot cooling reactor designs are similar to that of interstage cooling, but allow for elimination of the intermediate heat exchangers by injecting cold feed directly into the outlets of each reactor. This addition cools down the outlet stream of the reactor and also has the effect of decreasing the composition and conversion of the flow into the subsequent reactor (corresponding to the path from point b to c in Figure 3 below). Figure 3: An illustration of a dual reactor cold-shot cooling system 5 The flow diagram of two cold-shot reactors illustrates the lack of heat exchangers as compared to interstage cooling, as well as the splitting of the initial feed stream by the splitting fraction alpha, ÃŽÂ ±, which is the fraction of the fresh feed used as the coolant. The extent of reaction remains constant after mixing (which can be proven by a mass balance). 3. Mathematical model Derivations of differential equations All the assumptions of plug-flow mentioned above were applied in the construction of the equations below; the reactor was also assumed to operate at steady state (there is no mass hold up due to the catalyst). All other assumptions are mentioned in the derivations. It should be noted that rNH3 is defined as (rNH3 generated rNH3 consumed) and is measured per unit of catalyst volume; hence the equations specify the volume of catalyst VC and not the reactor volume VR. 3.1. Change in catalyst volume with respect to the extent of reaction: Mass balance on ammonia: [Eqn. 2] The extent of reaction can be defined as: [Eqn. 3] Equations 2 and 3 were combined to obtain the following equation: Since , the equation above was rearranged to give the initial catalyst volume gradient: [Eqn. 4] 3.3. Change in temperature with respect to the extent of reaction: Figure 4: An illustration of the cross section of a plug-flow reactor An energy balance across an infinitesimally small cross section of the catalyst bed gave: Shaft work (W), changes in kinetic energy and changes in potential energy were neglected: The equation above was divided by the cross-sectional area of the tube, A: where Q denotes the heat transfer by conduction. In the equation below, the enthalpy change upon mixing was neglected (a perfect solution was assumed). It was also assumed that the gases in question were ideal and hence their enthalpy was independent of pressure, the energy balance then took the form: [Eqn. 5] is the standard heat of formation of compound. i denotes each species present. Recalling that for a tubular reactor, and : does not have a negative sign as rproduct is calculated as the main subject) [Eqn. 6] The heat of reaction was simplified as shown below: [Eqn. 7] Equation 7 was substituted into Equation 6 which was then substituted into Equation 5: [Eqn. 8] The chain rule was used to combine and : Since the reactor was assumed to be adiabatic, Q = 0: [Eqn. 9] 3.4. Change in pressure with respect to the extent of reaction: The chain rule was used to find using the formula for , bed cross-sectional area A and since A dl = dVC. Substituting the components of the three terms above, we get the initial pressure against extent gradient formula: [Eqn. 10] 4. Simulation theory and strategy 4.1. Main simulation objectives Regardless of the design used, these objectives are overarching and apply to all three reactor types: The first two bullet-points define what is meant by optimizing the reactor: Minimizing catalyst volume; Operating temperatures and pressures are limited by safety considerations (preventing thermal runaway), material construction and catalyst degradation conditions. These degradation conditions are specified by actual limits set by ammonia process operators in industry: these are above 823 K and above 300 bar 6; Interstage and cold-shot cooling designs are only dual reactor designs. The derivation of the required total extent for all simulations is as follows: The MATLAB coding incorporating the required data and was used to solve the differential equations described earlier in the mathematical model for the outlet temperature, pressure and catalyst volume; all the assumptions applied in the mathematical model were thus applied in the coding, unit consistency was also maintained in the programming. 4.2. Single stage simulation strategy It is clear that a plug-flow reactor can take advantage of concentration profiles present in the reactor in order to minimize the total catalyst volume. Near the desired extent, adiabatic plug-flow reactors (running exothermic reversible reactions) operate ideally somewhere between the equilibrium line, where the rate of the forward and backwards reaction are equal, and the optimum line, which is a curve connecting the maximas of all the different rate curves, also known as the locus of maximum rates. Figure 5: A graph displaying the variation of forward rate with extent It is opted to run the reactor under conditions such that the inlet rate is exactly equal to the outlet rate where the reactor exits at the desired extent of 0.5447. The rin = rout condition limits the maximum average rate by a small amount but provides a greater amount of kinetic stability in the event of a disturbance; a small increase in the inlet temperature may push the reaction closer to equilibrium whilst a small decrease in the inlet temperature will decrease the outlet rate slightly but still allow the reactor to operate in a region of higher rates. The locus of rin = rout is found between the optimum line and the equilibrium line. As shown in Figure 5, this condition also means that the region of maximum reaction rate is taken advantage of; i.e. the rate in the reactor is always greater than or equal to the inlet rate. Therefore, although the temperature increases along the reactor, the forward rate is kept as high as possible. As the extent of reaction increases across the reactor for a fixed set of inlet conditions, it is expected for the surface area of catalyst to increase; if more product is generated, more catalyst is required to facilitate this generation. There is a limit in the MATLAB coding such that the catalyst volume decreases whilst the reaction extent continues to increase; the code is such that results after this point are treated as erroneous and are not used, thus the code finds the inlet conditions needed to achieve the maximum possible extent for an adiabatic reactor. To apply the simulation strategy, a MATLAB program was created to find the inlet conditions which satisfy the rin = rout condition for a desired final extent (0.5447 in this case). A separate program was also created to vary operating and design conditions individually and examine their effect on the catalyst volume. Graphs of the locus of maximum reaction rate, locus of rin = rout rates and the equilibrium curve were constructed using the desired inlet conditions determined from the single stage simulation. 4.3. Interstage cooling simulation strategy The overall reaction follows the adiabatic operating curve (it may not necessarily be a straight line due to the pressure drop across the reactor). It was desirable for the reaction to end at the same point as in the single stage simulation (with the same final extent); where the rate at the outlet of the second reactor lies on the rin = rout line for the desired extent. It was also desirable for the rate at the exit of the first reactor to be equal to the rate at the entrance of the second reactor; so that the reactor can continue onwards from the same rate in the second reactor (and maintain the average forward reaction rate). For this code, there was no condition that the rate at the inlet of the first reactor must equal the rate at the outlet of the first reactor (and likewise for the second reactor); since it was unfeasible to make the rates equivalent at all the inlets and outlets. Instead it was specified that rate1 OUT= rate2 IN and that rate2 OUT = rate OPTIMIZED SINGLE STAGE OUT. The extent in the first reactor (and therefore in the second reactor) had to be specified for each set of results. If the extent was too high, the outlet of the first reactor would be very near equilibrium whilst if it was set too low the outlet of the first reactor would be reached before the maximum rate had been obtained; therefore a degree of overshoot past the maximum reaction rate was desirable; the program ensured that there was a degree of overshoot past the maximum reaction rate in both reactors before validating a result. The locus of maximum reaction rates (from the single stage optimization) was used to determine the feed temperature for which the rate is a maximum at the start; this temperature was roughly 790K (located graphically). Above this temperature, the region of maximum reaction rates was not utilised at all; and the maximum extent achievable (using the gradient of the operating line) at equilibrium was roughly 0.28. This specified the minimum extent of reaction in reactor 1. If the feed temperature were too low, the first reactor would perform similar to a single PFR, defeating the purpose of having two reactors. Thus a moderate extent range of 0.3 0.4 was chosen for the first reactor as it was unworkable to put an excessive production load on either reactor. In order to apply this strategy, a program was used to specify the inlet conditions to the second reactor; the program moved along the operating curve using the initial conditions obtained in the single stage reactor up to the desired extent in the first reactor. This gave the inlet rate to the second reactor as well as the flow rate, temperature and composition of this stream. Following this, the rate1 OUT = rate2 IN condition was used to acquire the inlet and outlet temperatures and pressures of the first reactor and its volume. Lastly, the inlet conditions to the second reactor and the remaining extent were used to calculate the volume of the second reactor. The combined volumes and degrees of cooling between the reactors were compared for the chosen range of extents. 4.4. Cold-shot cooling simulation strategy Figure 6: A graph displaying the variation of extent with temperature for a cold-shot system The rate identity rin=rout used to optimize the single PFR was used in the cold-shot cooling reactor design. With reference to Figure 6, optimization was achieved by ensuring that the reaction moved from points aÆ’Â  bÆ’Â  cÆ’Â  d , with the following rate identities; ra = rb and re = rd. The second reactor would operate along the path that the optimum single PFR would operate on (e Æ’Â   d). By adhering to the above conditions, there were three variables left to define, namely alpha (ÃŽÂ ±), initial feed temperature Tini and the interstage extent ÃŽÂ ¾1. Fixing alpha and Tini would automatically define ÃŽÂ ¾1 and outlet temperature of the first reactor as the rates at points a and b must be the same. This optimized the first reactor for the given inlet conditions. By constructing enthalpy and mass balances on the mixing point of the outlet from the first reactor with the cold stream, the inlet temperature into the second reactor was determined, thereby finding outlet conditions of the second reactor, should it achieve the required extent of 0.5447 kmol s-1. Finally, in order to ensure that total optimization had occurred for the specified alpha and temperature, the difference in rates at points e and d was confirmed to be as close to zero as possible. Several iterations would be required to home in on the best inlet temperature for a given extent. The temperature of the feed used for cooling, Tf, was 298K; significantly lower than the temperature of the fluid exiting the reactor. This imposed an upper limit on the split fraction ÃŽÂ ±, beyond which the feed temperature into the second reactor would be too low for reactions to operate at an acceptable rate; catalyst volume would need to be larger to counter this effect, meaning optimization would not achieved. Therefore, by varying ÃŽÂ ± for 50 equal intervals from 0.01 to 0.5, and finding the 50 corresponding Tini values that satisfied the above stated rate identities gave the optimum reactor for each value of ÃŽÂ ±. The best cold-shot reactor specification was easily deduced from the setup which had the smallest overall catalyst volume. Results and Discussion 5.1. Single Plug-flow Reactor 5.1.1. Varying the ammonia composition in the feed Figure 7: A graph displaying the effect of ammonia feed mol % change on catalyst volume The composition of ammonia in the feed was changed while keeping the molar feed rate constant. (Change ratio: 4% decrease in NH3 = 1% increase in N2 + 3% increase in H2, etc). Figure 7 shows that decreasing the ammonia fraction from the original 8 mol % (while increasing the reactant mol %) lead to a significant drop in catalyst volume required. The greater concentration of reactants favoured the forward reaction, increasing the rate of formation of ammonia, leading to a smaller catalyst volume. When the ammonia fraction was too high (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥0.16), the initial concentration of reactants was insufficient to achieve the required extent. Also, as the partial pressure of ammonia increased in the reactor, a greater proportion of the catalysts active sites became blocked and the forward rate decreased, increasing the required catalyst volume 7. It was decided to keep the mol % of ammonia in the feed at 8% in subsequent simulations; although the lowest mol % of ammonia in the feed produces the minimum catalyst volume, it is impractical for this to occur since ammonia is normally recycled in industrial reactors 8. 5.1.2. Varying the reactor cross-sectional area Figure 8: A graph displaying the effect of cross-sectional area on catalyst volume Figure 8 shows that increasing the cross-sectional area reduced the catalyst volume, but this reduction was more significant only at the smaller area values. Increasing the area increased the number of catalyst pellets available at the reactor cross-section; therefore a greater reaction rate was initially facilitated as the volume increased. However, the inlet flow was fixed, and beyond a certain area, the flow into the reactor did not utilise the additional pellet area at the cross section; and thus the catalyst volume was less affected. The cross sectional area for the remainder of the investigation was kept at 2m2 because the increase in cross-sectional area above 2m2 does not justify the relatively minimal reduction in catalyst volume. 5.1.3. Variation of catalyst voidage Table 1: Displays catalyst volumes for different values of catalyst voidage Voidage 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 Vc at ÃŽÂ ¾ = 0.54466 (m3) 23.4642 23.4877 23.5399 23.6728 24.1043 Voidage is the ratio of the catalyst volume to the reactor volume. A larger voidage means a higher catalyst pellet density, thereby allowing a smaller catalyst volume. However, increases in voidage past 0.4 did not contribute to any further significant decrease in catalyst volume. For the purpose of subsequent simulations, the voidage was kept to the original 0.4. 5.1.4. Variation of catalyst diameter Table 2: Displays catalyst volumes for different values of catalyst diameter Catalyst Diameter 0.011 0.009 0.007 0.005 0.003 Vc at ÃŽÂ ¾ = 0.54466 (m3) 23.5881 23.6209 23.6728 23.7675 23.9954 It is seen from the data that varying catalyst diameter had a negligible effect on the catalyst volume, suggesting that although the surface area of each catalyst pellet increased, the number of catalyst pellets decreased, and thus the overall catalyst area did not change significantly. It was decided to stick to the original catalyst diameter provided. 5.1.5. Varying temperature and pressure Figure 8: A graph displaying the effect of inlet temperature on catalyst volume for different isobars As the temperature was increased, a decrease in the catalyst volume was observed. At lower pressures, the gradient of the graph (the change in VC with inlet T) was much higher and therefore inlet temperature was more effective at reducing the catalyst volume at lower pressures. This has some implications with respect to cost; if the inlet temperature is increased, there is an electricity cost associated with operating the reactor at this higher inlet temperature, but there is also a saving due to the reduction in catalyst volume. Figure 9: A graph displaying the effect of inlet pressure on catalyst volume for different isotherms As inlet pressure was increased, the catalyst volume decreased. As discussed in the theory, the increase in pressure favoured the forward reaction, thereby increasing the reaction rate per unit volume of catalyst. However, the capital costs spent on reactor materials able to withstand the high pressures have to be taken into consideration in addition to the greater maintenance cost of the catalyst bed (since a higher pressure reduces the longevity of a catalyst). 5.1.6. Results of single stage simulation Table 3: Displays the specifications and feed conditions the optimized single PFR Feed Composition Cross sectional area (m2) Catalyst Diameter (m) Voidage Extent Temperature (K) Pressure (Bar) N2 H2 NH3 In Out In Out 0.23 0.69 0.08 2 0.0007 0.4 0.5447 624.2 796.0 300 298.6 It can be observed that the pressure drop throughout the reaction was rather insignificant compared to the total pressure in the reactor. The optimization values from the single stage plug-flow reactor were essential for designing dual reactors that utilized interstage or cold-shot cooling as the second reactors were designed to follow the reaction path taken by the single stage PFR. The optimum single stage pressure of 300 bar was also the optimum pressure used for the subsequent simulations; the maximum operating pressure tolerable is 300 bar according to the catalyst degradation conditions specified in the simulation objectives. 5.2. Interstage Cooling Figure 10: A graph displaying the extents of reaction for different temperatures. The interstage path for ÃŽÂ ¾1 values of 0.3, 0.34 (optimum), and 0.4 are displayed along with the locus of maximum reaction rates, the equilibrium curve and the locus of rin = rout. Results were obtained for 10 extents between 0.3 and 0.4; these are displayed in the appendix. From the graph above, it can be seen that for all three extents; 0.3, 0.34, 0.4, the reaction in the first reactor moved past the locus of maximum rates and the locus of rIN = rOUT and then approached the equilibrium curve, thereby maximizing conversion. The outlet stream was then cooled to a point along the path taken by the volume minimizing single PFR. The graph thus shows that performance optimization occurred in the interstage cooling design as catalyst volumes in both reactors were minimized. The range of chosen extents for the first reactor, 0.3 0.4 kmol s-1, also proved to be robust, providing well performing reactors with small catalyst volumes (where all reactors had a combined catalyst volume less than half of that of the single stage reactor). Volume reached a minimum of 3.94 m3 when the extent was fixed at 0.34 kmol s-1 with an inlet feed temperature of 737.1K. 5.3. Cold-shot Cooling Table 4 Conditions and results for the optimum cold-shot system Extent Achieved Temperature (K) Catalyst volume (m3) 1st 2nd 1st 2nd In Out In Out Vr1 Vr2 0.2958 0.2489 699 795.769 717.172 796.407 1.523 3.254 (Vc 1 Vc 2 = 1st 2nd Catalyst volume respectively) Figure 11: Catalyst volume minimizing temperatures at specific alpha values During simulation of the cold-shot cooling reactor design, it was deduced that the range of ÃŽÂ ± was restricted from 0.01 to 0.38, beyond which the bulk of the reaction would occur in one of the two reactors, making the other redundant. Optimally, ÃŽÂ ± should be somewhere between the limits of the range; for ÃŽÂ ± = 0.19 and feed temperature at 699K, a minimum overall volume of 4.78 m3 was achieved. It is seen from the graph above that as ÃŽÂ ± deviates from 0.19 and tends towards 0, the first reactor behaves more like a single PFR. The same happens to the second reactor as ÃŽÂ ± tends towards the ÃŽÂ ± upper limit. Increasing the initial feed temperature causes ÃŽÂ ± to increase in order for optimization to occur, while a decrease would bring about the opposite effect. This is because a larger fraction would be required to cool the output from the first reactor to achieve optimization should the reactor operate at a higher temperature. The contrary is true; with a larger ÃŽÂ ±, the initial feed temperature cannot be too low as excessive cooling of the second fraction would occur. 6. Conclusion It can be concluded that the investigation w